Definition and Examples of Multilingualism

Multilingualism is the ability of an individual speaker or a community of speakers to communicate effectively in three or more languages. Contrast with monolingualism, the ability to use only one language. A person who can speak multiple languages is known as a polyglot or a multilingual. The original language a person grows up speaking is known as their first language or mother tongue. Someone who is raised speaking two first languages or mother tongues is called a simultaneous bilingual. If they learn a second language later, they are called a sequential bilingual. Examples and Observations Majesty, the Herr Direttore, he has removed uno balletto that would have occurred at this place. —Italian Kapellmeister Bonno in Amadeus Multilingualism as the Norm We estimate that most of the human language users in the world speak more than one language, i.e. they are at least bilingual. In quantitative terms, then, monolingualism may be the exception and multilingualism the norm... —Peter Auer and Li Wei Bilingualism and Multilingualism Current research...begins by emphasizing the quantitative distinction between multilingualism and bilingualism and the greater complexity and diversity of the factors involved in acquisition and use where more than two languages are involved (Cenoz 2000; Hoffmann 2001a; Herdina and Jessner 2002). Thus, it is pointed out that not only do multilinguals have larger overall linguistic repertoires, but the range of the language situations in which multilinguals can participate, making appropriate language choices, is more extensive. Herdina Jessner (2000b:93) refer to this capacity as the multilingual art of balancing communicative requirements with language resources. This wider ability associated with the acquisition of more than two languages has also been argued to distinguish multilinguals in qualitative terms. One . . . qualitative distinction seems to lie in the area of strategies. Kemp (2007), for example, reports that multilingual learners learning strategies differ from those o f monolingual students learning their first foreign language. — Larissa Aronin and David Singleton Are Americans Lazily Monolingual? The celebrated multilingualism of not just Europe but also the rest of the world may be exaggerated. The hand-wringing about America’s supposed linguistic weakness is often accompanied by the claim that monolinguals make up a small worldwide minority. The Oxford linguist Suzanne Romaine has claimed that bilingualism and multilingualism are a normal and unremarkable necessity of everyday life for the majority of the world’s population. — Michael Erard New Multilingualisms [I]n paying attention to the language practices of young people in urban settings, we see new multilingualisms emerging, as the young people create meanings with their diverse linguistic repertoires. We see the young people (and their parents and teachers) using their eclectic array of linguistic resources to create, parody, play, contest, endorse, evaluate, challenge, tease, disrupt, bargain and otherwise negotiate their social worlds. — Adrian Blackledge and Angela Creese Sources Bleichenbacher, Lukas. Multilingualism in the Movies. University of Zurich, 2007.Auer, Peter and Wei, Li. Introduction: Multilingualism as a Problem? Monolingualism as a Problem? Handbook of Multilingualism and Multilingual Communication. Mouton de Gruyter, 2007, Berlin.Aronin, Larissa and Singleton, David. Multilingualism John Benjamins, 2012, Amersterdam.Erard, Michael. Are We Really Monolingual? The New York Times Sunday Review, January 14, 2012.Blackledge, Adrian and Creese, Angela. Multilingualism: A Critical Perspective. Continuum, 2010, London, New York.

Analysis Of The Play Clyborne Park By Bruce Norris

Brandy Whitehead English 102 Dr. Spence Final Essay Assumptions vs Facts It is not often that one finds many true realist in the world, so many may not fully understand the concept behind it. Realism is commonly defined as the tendency to view or represent things as they really are. After reading the play Clyborne Park by Bruce Norris, a majority of people would have decided that most of the main characters are racist or prejudice because of many things that were said throughout the play. If the play is thoroughly picked apart piece by piece by a clear, unconvinced mind, one will find that many of the statements or opinions thrown around during conversation of the play are facts or are simply stating how the situation truly is rather than rude remarks and racist perceptions. Looking at the way the world was during the 1950’s, the controversial saying are justified with the actions taking place in Chicago. This play did not that place too long after the segregation period meaning that the two races were not very accepting towards one another yet. M oving into each other’s neighborhoods was still a new idea and caused great concern. The two races still did things differently and had different hobbies. Looking at the realist aspects of his play, it is easy for one to realize that Bruce Norris was trying to get a clear point in history to the audience. The setting of Clyborne Park was not too long after the segregation which was a point in time that African-Americans and

Socioeconomic Profile of Hypothetical Patient Free Essays

Considering socio economic variable of a patient with diabetes, the priority of the patient should be to participate in healthcare insurance program provided by its employer. The benefit of contributing to such a health plan is cost reduction where patients only pay a deductible or a minimum co–payment. Acquiring such a policy also ensures that a person may also be able to cover family members at significantly less rates than individual private insurance. We will write a custom essay sample on Socioeconomic Profile of Hypothetical Patient or any similar topic only for you Order Now If the employer doesn’t participate in health insurance program, the only other viable method is to get a private health insurance. Although expansive, the patient will definitely have more choice in selecting the out of network providers and the flexibility of evaluating different plans that provide ample coverage to treat Diabetes. Patients with Diabetes need to keep medical supplies such as test strips, meters and insulin which are mostly covered by the health insurance providers (Health Insurance). Unfortunately, in countries like United States getting a health insurance for diabetic patients is difficult but this should not stop patients from researching other options such as Insurance through employers and getting help from the State. Most States run their own health insurance programs for which a diabetic patient might be eligible. Programs such as COBRA and HIPAA are available in every State. It will be in the best interest of a diabetic patient to consult the American Diabetes Association http://www. diabetes. org which outlines health insurance coverage on a State by State basis. Furthermore, patients can easily get guidelines and education on how to tackle diabetic issues and where to look for information. Payer Type Based on the socio economic conditions of hypothetical patient, it will be in his best interest to enrol in HMO plan. Analysing financial circumstances of the subject, it is evident that he will likely cover his wife and children, who at this stage are not able to enrol in a healthcare plan. In contrast, a PPO plan will likely cost a premium which is not recommended except if it provides assistance to cover diabetic conditions. It should be noticed that most Americans are covered by BlueCross BlueShield, Atena or CIGNA therefore it is important for diabetic patient to compare the coverage of diabetic supplies offered by these companies. Health plans that cover most strips and monitors should be preferred over others. Patients should also be careful while determining whether the diabetic equipment fall under normal prescription or covered under durable equipment supplies (Insurance Coverage). Other conditions such as mail order deliveries and the number of supplies at any one time play an important role in the eventual patient satisfaction with a plan. After evaluating different healthcare programs, Harvard Pilgrim Healthcare, Tufts Associated Health Maintenance Organisation and Health New England may provide the best coverage. Cost Treatment Comparison Harvard Pilgrim Healthcare program is specifically tailored to meet the requirements of Massachusetts residents. It offers a network of 40,000 pharmacies and access to more than 130 hospitals in the area. The co payment fee is $10 for a visit and $50 for emergency care. The program covers a wide range of drugs and medicines with mail order included. Individuals can include family members for an extra charge. The program offers a diabetes management program with test reminder letters and individual support from a Nurse educator by calling a toll free number (Diabetes Management). For a single person in a family, the cost varies from $350 to $470 based on the socio-economic factors of hypothetical patient. The Tufts Associated Healthcare Maintenance Organisation provides a variety of different HMO plans that are designed to be cost effective. Its Select Network Provider program offers a minimum deductible and covers most outpatient medical care (Health New England). Doctor visits and other routine checkups offer affordable co-payment plans. It also offers a Taking Charge Diabetes program for its members that support the doctor-patient partnership to control diabetes and educate on such issues. Cost for individuals starts as low as $324 and climbs up to $450 for HMO select plans. Health New England is also a good choice with plenty of great options. Individuals can enrol in a number of Bronze or Silver health insurance packages which covers a huge number of Drugs and area hospitals (Tufts Health). The benefits are somewhat similar to other two programs whereas its Neighbourhood Health Plan provides a great value for money by charging as low as $265 per month in Bronze Package and $369 in Silver Package. It offers a comprehensive Diabetes Management Program that includes educational material, reminders, and physical as well as virtual grocery store tours to select the perfect sugar free diet. References Diabetes Management. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from Harvard Pilgrim HealthCare Web site: https://www.harvardpilgrim.org/portal/page?_pageid=213,213304_dad=portal_schema=PORTAL Health Insurance Information for People with Diabetes. Retrieved March 17, 2009, from American Diabetes Association Web site: http://www.diabetes.org/advocacy-and-legalresources/healthcare/insurance.jsp Health New England Plans. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from Health NE Web site: http://www.healthnewengland.com/PlanSelector/Compare/compare.html Insurance Coverage Overview. Retrieved March 17, 2009, from Diabetes Control for Life Web site: http://diabetescontrolforlife.com/articles/Monitoring-Insurance-Coverage-Overview-200085 Tufts Health Plan is the Right Choice. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from Tufts Health Plan Web site: http://www.tuftshealthplan.com/enrollnow/pdfs/STANDARDCOMP_0408.pdf    How to cite Socioeconomic Profile of Hypothetical Patient, Papers

Inequality and Social Development Mission

Question: Discuss about the Inequality and Social Development Mission. Answer: Introduction: Social factors of both the countries that affect the economic growth, business environment are population, poverty, gender discrimination, and infrastructure and demand pattern. Population growth rate in India is 1.19% during 2015 and that in Singapore is 1.2% (Data.worldbank.org, 2016). Both India and Singapore are multicultural countries. The population growth curves are showing that the population growth rate in India is decreasing steadily during last ten years. However, the growth rate in Singapore is fluctuating and is higher than India as the Singapore government has tried to increase fertility rate. On the other hand, rising health consciousness has decreased the population growth rate in India; however, India remains the second most populous country. Figure 1: Population growth rate of Singapore (Source: Data.worldbank.org, 2016) Figure 2: Population growth rate of India (Source: Data.worldbank.org, 2014) The reason behind high population in India is influx of refugees from neighbouring countries. High population is the main reason of high rate of poverty in this country. According to World Bank, around 23.6% population remains under abject poverty with $1.25 earning per day. India government has taken several programmes for eradicating poverty such as National Rural employment guarantee act, Indira awaas Yojona, Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar yogona and many others. Government expenditure on poverty alleviation programme has increased overtime. Social discrimination is less in Singapore compared to India. The spending pattern in Singapore is different from that in India. The bottom 20% people in terms of income level spend more than their income. Hence, borrowing rate among them is higher compared to saving rate. India is having higher youth people compared to Singapore. Kohli (2012) cited that the country with higher youth population experiences greater growth rate of the economy. Gender discrimination is less in Singapore compared to India. Singapore ranked 54 in global gender gap report 2015, while India ranked 101 (weforum.org, 2015). Technological factor of India and Singapore India invests a significant portion in education, improvement in science and technology since independence in 1947. Technology has contributed significantly in the economy starting from agriculture, industry to service sector. Telecommunication has improved much in this country to facilitate industrial and service sector. Improvement in biotechnology has increased the productivity of agriculture. Medical science has improved significantly in recent decades due to technological development. The birth rate and death rate have been controlled as an effect of improvement in medical sciences. Automobile engineering, space science, manufacturing technology has increased the scope of employment in domestic countries and decreased the rate of brain drain from India. The most successful event of application of technology in India is Mars Orbiter mission or Mangalayan in 2014 (Srivastava et al., 2015). Technological development has greater contribution in countrys growth and development. Singapore has improved domestic technology since 1970s to bring sophistication in the industries. Singapore government has invested in biomedical science cluster to develop an industrial base in this country. Singapore eventually has become a leading information technology and electronics manufacturing economy in the world. Singapore has followed FDI leveraging model to finance and facilitate the growth high tech industry (Caprotti, 2014). Improvement of technologies in Singapore has contributed to the growth of technology driven local industry. References Caprotti, F. (2014). Critical research on eco-cities? A walk through the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City, China.Cities,36, 10-17. Data.worldbank.org (2016) Population growth (annual %) | Data. (2016 Retrieved 14 November 2016, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW Kohli, A. (2012). State and redistributive development in India. InGrowth, Inequality and Social Development in India(pp. 194-226). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Srivastava, V. K., Kumar, J., Kulshrestha, S., Kushvah, B. S., Bhaskar, M. K., Somesh, S., ... Ramakrishna, B. N. (2015). Eclipse modeling for the Mars orbiter mission.Advances in Space Research,56(4), 671-679. weforum.org (2015) Rankings. Global Gender Gap Report 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2016, from https://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2015/rankings/

Spiritual Life Evaluation Essay Sample free essay sample

I was born in Mutare. My female parent was an active church member and she went to the The United Baptist Church in Sakubva Township. So I was raised in a Christian background though my male parent did non travel to church. However even though he did non travel to church. he wanted to see all his kids go to church. Every Sunday we would wake up early to go to Sunday school. Mrs Mlambo who was besides the pastors’s married woman. was our instructor. Sunday school started at 9:00am and I truly enjoyed my Sunday school. Sunday school for me was a clip to see church friends after a long hebdomad of separation. We would read bible poetries and the instructor would explicate these poetries to us. At times we would be required to memorise these poetries as prep. We would sing vocals full of dance and clapping custodies. We will write a custom essay sample on Spiritual Life Evaluation Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the common vocals are: Verse 1 My Bible. my bible and I ( repetition )ChorusOh. what a fantastic hoarded wealth. God gave without step.We are going together. my bible and I.Verse 2My Jesus. my Jesus and I ( repetition ) This went on until I was eleven old ages old when I besides graduated from Sunday school to Junior Youth. As a immature miss. this did non intend much to me and I viewed it as merely a manner of life. At the age of 13 I went for baptism lessons which preceded baptism. We were subsequently to convey white apparels on the twenty-four hours of baptism and we were to have on these white apparels after taking the wet apparels. When it was my bend to be baptized. I meditated the phrases and words said in the baptism discourse. The curate said † I have buried the old Winnie. you are now a new creation† . We all wore white apparels and the church was so thrilled and there was exultation. Each one of us was asked to take a new name since we were now new people and I chose Tsitsi. I kept on reflecting on what had taken topographic point and certainly I felt the new alteration. I was sorry for all the wickednesss I had done before and I cried and groaned. I could experience the love of Jesus who died for me on the cross. The above is the history of how I came to Christ. Everything about me changed. I now had a passion to populate a religious life. I prayed and besides seriously sung vocals of congratulations and worship to the Lord Maturing in Christ. From that religious experience I had passion in reading the Word of God. I followed and neer wanted to lose a discourse. I tried to populate harmonizing to Christian life. For my leisure clip I stopped traveling to the film and I preferred traveling for church activities. My desire was to make voluntary church work. Some of the voluntary work that I did included brushing the floors. cleansing Windowss and other such housework jobs. I besides went for assorted young person conventions and it was ever a pleasance for me. I was married and I was an active church member. My hubby used to come with me even though he was non yet a Born once more Christian. I prayed for him until he had an brush with Jesus Christ besides. In that twelvemonth I saw God. I organized devotedness clip for the household and we would make devotednesss one time every hebdomad. It helped me maturate spiritually. My hubby was subsequently appointed deacon in 2005. I worked with him closely and sometimes I was left to make ministry work while he was off. As a deacons married woman. the Pastor would sometimes inquire me to take the women’s meetings. These experiences made me pray to God for wisdom. The prayer life I was populating made me hold a closer relationship with God which made me mature and finally made me want to larn the religious life hence today I am at Harare Theological College. Hindrances to Growth In 1992 when I joined Bethel Assemblies Church. there were regular women’s family meetings. We met every Wednesday. Pastor Irene Charema. the married woman to my bishop was the 1 who facilitated the women’s meetings and she ever delivered fantastic discourses that uplifted my spirit. The meetings were subsequently re-scheduled from Wednesday to Saturday in a move to suit working adult females. For ground beyond my apprehension. the religious lesson reduced. there was hapless attending and the meetings were no longer consistent as per agenda. This wedged negatively on my religious life as such was a hinderance to my religious growing. I still had a strong ardor and desire to make the past events but it continued to be a thing of the yesteryear. The church is being taken as a concern venture by some church leaders. Church members pay for the curates personal domestic disbursals. They are put on church budget. Expenses include curates food markets. monthly measures. vestur e allowance. auto disbursals and medical measures etc. These can be donated voluntarily by capable members and non to be mandatory. This frustrates uncapable church members and other members will stop up go forthing the church. It was an hinderance to me when I lost some people from the leading squad who used to promote me in hard and good times. Leaderships are excessively busy such that they forego the work of God making their ain concern. On particular one time off occasions like New Year. Easter. Christmas and nuptialss of long functioning member the leaders will be absent. Church members will be so aroused and looking frontward to acquire a good visual aspect from the leaders merely to detect that they did non even come for the event with no proper justification given as to the absence. The terminal consequence is that members lose assurance in their leaders and I am besides one such member who has been affected. It disturbs me because I would wish to see leaders being model. In some cases I will be entirely as leader and the planned dockets will non come out as planned and people will fault the full leading squad. Of class I will be guiltless but no 1 will cognize that. Personally I had a batch of work last twelvemonth. I visited the secret plan during the hebdomad in Marondera and I was unable to come for church plans during the hebdomad and this affected my confidant relationship with God. I missed fellowship clip with my group. that is when I learnt that we are household non a mere group. Due to the above challenges the church becomes dead and it will non turn. Mature religious members will now go forth the church and articulation other churches. The state of affairs affected the staying members and I was among the affected people and it impacted my religious life negatively. Religious Life I made my head non to be moved by physical and religious challenges. My religious life is now stable and firm. I fellowship at Bethel Assemblies Church. Most challenges including those I have discussed above made me a strong Christian. Hindrance taught me to trust on God ever and non work forces. Therefore. I take them as stepping rocks to my success in the ministry instead than faltering blocks. They have really developed me spiritually and I have nil to repent. in fact I point myself blessed. I sometimes organised prayer Sessionss with the young person group and women’s group. I am entrusted with the assets of the church which I keep at my house such as kitchenware. decor fabric and church instruments to advert a few. I besides take bends with the curate and the deacon ( my hubby ) to take different church events. It is my duty to see that the church decor has been done good and on clip. When the curate and his household travel on leave. we are left to make all the ministry work. We have no challenges. alternatively church members appreciate our ministry and leading. We have no church edifice of our ain and we rent. since our subdivision is new and little. On this footing I offer my place as a locale for different church activities. The activities include administrative meetings. church kitchen teas. bachelor’s parties and other events done during the hebdomad. I aspire to be a religious giant hence the passion to larn about religious life. I would love to be an revivalist of the good intelligence to people in future. This I will make to friends. households. communities. continents and worldwide. I will get down by organizing devotedness clip one time a hebdomad with my household. I will subsequently ask for people of all walks in life. my neighbors. my friends and relations. As the group grows I will divide it and open other Centres of family in the community. Further subdivisions of family can be opened once more harmonizing to different similar groups. These will include kids. young person. adult females. work forces. widows. particular people and others. The groups will be taught the rules of religious life and how to obey t hem. I will hold followings who will move as adherents to distribute the good intelligence to the universe.

Scholarship Opportunities for Certified College Cheerleading Squads

Scholarship Opportunities for Certified College Cheerleading Squads Cheerleading Scholarship: What Is It and How to Get One? Cheerleading is not just fun, jumping all around, and making romances with the coolest guys in a college. It is also a kind of athletics, approved like serious sport in many high schools and universities. Some institutions offer advanced training programs to rise new talents and attract experienced cheerleaders to their teams. As a rule, these programs provide scholarships and an opportunity to get to the international championships. If you are willing to apply for such program and get additional money to pay for your education, prepare to work hard. Mind that a lot of other aspiring girls are looking forward to win a desirable scholarship and you will have to compete them. So, if you are ambitious enough to fight for your cheerleading scholarship, let’s see how you can achieve it. Getting a cheerleading scholarship: some key tips for you Show yourself in the best possible way Haven’t you start your training yet? Then do it right now! In addition to specialized cheerleading training, it would also be good for you to attend some gymnastic or dance classes or both of them. The more talented and physically prepared you are, the more people will appreciate you. As a result, there will be more chances to get a scholarship. Train your body and your brain Athletic abilities are not enough to get a cheerleading scholarship. First of all, you are applying to a college program, so the committee will pay attention to your marks, too. Â  Good academic results contribute greatly to the full rate of your chances. Be social Be an active participant in various communities. It will surely show your ability to work in a team, as well as your leadership. Choose the best option for yourself Make one hundred percent certain that a college or university you have chosen provides students with cheerleading deals and scholarships. It will be a shame to make a mistake in such a nuance. Prove your qualification and competitiveness The more cheerleading awards you have, the most likely you are to get a scholarship. As we have already mentioned, don`t forget about academic awards as well. Always have a B plan Unfortunately, not all students get their desirable scholarships. So, don`t let this fact spoil your plans on successful high education. Think about other ways to pay for your education and enjoy your college life even without cheerleading deal and finance help. A list of universities with cheerleading scholarships University of Hawaii All talented athletes do their best to become a student of this university, as it really welcomes gifted students and provides them with awesome cheerleading scholarships. The University of Hawaii offers not only cool environment with sunshine, beach and all that stuff, but beneficial financial cheerleading program annually. Fort Hays State University Located in Kansas, Fort Hays State University also offers scholarships for cheerleaders. $1,000 to each winner provided. Not bad, huh? University of Delaware This place is a real paradise for cheerleaders. The University of Delaware always attracts new athletes looking for a chance to get financial aid and training opportunities. Their Fightin’ Blue Hens Cheer Team is well-known throughout local areas. Besides performing at some university events, they also give concerts for charity and on some public events. Indiana Wesleyan University Indiana Wesleyan University provides all members of the school’s Red Cheer Team with a significant scholarship. Each hard-working, talented and active participant earns up to $1000. The competition is high, since only 15 candidates get cheerleading scholarship annually, but it is totally worth a try. If you feel confident in your cheerleading talent, have advanced skills and good results in academics, you really have a chance to create a college cheerleading squad and get a scholarship. So do your best and good luck!

Petro-Canada's Total Compensation Strategy and Program Research Paper - 3

Petro-Canada's Total Compensation Strategy and Program - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that Petro-Canada is a public organization producing oil and gas organization and taking part in all of the upstream and downstream operations. The company is known for exploring for and producing energy not only locally but also internationally. It has as many as 1,323 retail outlets which supply petroleum products and services across the nation. Headquarter of the company is located at the in downtown Calgary in Alberta. In the year 2008, the total revenue of the company was $27,785,000, while its employee strength was 6,088. The oil and gas industry in Canada happens to be highly competitive having strong competitors like Encana etc. The objective to increase strength and emerge as a larger oil and gas company the company decided to merge with Suncor in the year 2009. However, now it operates as a subsidiary of the parent company, Suncor Energy. The cash compensation received by an Applications analyst I in Petro-Canada is CDN$75,000-85,000 (Tang, 2010). Thi s is a much higher amount as compared to the average market rate which is $50,795. Thus it can be said that the company has a lead policy in this regard. Apart from having an attractive salary the company also has a scheme of sharing profits with employees which happens at the end of each fiscal year. The amount of the profits shared with the workers depends on the performance of the company at that financial year. As per the rules of the company an Application Analyst I is able to earn an amount of 10% of his base pay as profit sharing. In this way, an employee could earn as high as 15% to 20% when the company has a successful performance in a year.

Digital Communication and Death of Print Journalism Essay

Digital Communication and Death of Print Journalism - Essay Example According to the paper findings, it can, therefore, be said that digital communication tools such as blogs and micro-blogging sites have taken journalism to a whole new different level. Digital journalism can be instantaneous and can spread news faster than any other mass media. Also, it gives the power of journalism to individuals not represented by any corporation. Individuals who are not professional journalists also can report news and put it out as the open source. Digital communication has built a platform for sharing unbiased news and at the same time getting numerous perspectives. More importantly, it is an interactive forum and allows for a debate on the news from the general public (Schultz, 1999).  Digital journalism is now starting to pose a serious threat to print journalism. Digital journalism has numerous advantages over traditional print journalism. Many daily newspapers are now starting to have a digital presence. In today’s world, people lead a high-tech an d busy life. People are always on the move and go to the internet for all they need. Print media is slowly losing reader base to digital journalism (Zafra, 2007). The one communication style and delay in reporting is all contributing to the decline of print journalism. It is definitely clear that in the near future print journalism will be completely replaced by digital journalism.

Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Marketing Plan - Essay Example First and foremost, marketing research should be carried out in order to establish the targeted customers. In this case, the target market includes the young and old people who are conscious about their health care issues. This will help us to establish the major threats and opportunities that might be faced by the product. This is followed by setting the marketing objective of this new product. In this case, the main objective is to achieve 10 % of the market share in the beverages industry during the first year of the product launch. The marketing strategy will involve the careful use of a marketing mix of price, product, place and promotion. When the marketing strategy has been outlined, then it is turned into specific action programs. This includes outlining the tasks and the people who will perform them in order to achieve the stated objectives. After implementation of this particular marketing plan, the company formulates control measures with the aim to monitor progress and to allow management to review implementation results and identify the areas that would be performing poorly. This ought to be an ongoing process. The first goal is customer satisfaction. The company targets to achieve a high level of customer satisfaction and improving on it every year. In so doing, the company aims at maximizing on opportunities for repeat business. In all cases, if a customer is satisfied by the goods offered in a company, they will be the biggest marketing tool since they will spread the word about goods and services. The second goal is to achieve good planning and reporting systems. This will help the company attract more investors and lenders hence, will serve top guide as a building pillar for the company. The third goal is employee training and development. This will help the company achieve maximum input and output from its employees. It facilitates efficiency such that things are done according

Analysing Delegation In Transition To Professional Practice Nursing Essay

Analysing Delegation In Transition To Professional Practice Nursing Essay Newly registered nurses or nurses re-entering the workforce face many challenges. One of these issues is delegation. In this essay you are required to develop an in depth and detailed understanding of delegation and how it apply to you as a newly registered nurse. You will need to critically analyse the literature to: Define delegation and how it applies to the registered nurse in the clinical setting Analyse the role of the registered nurse in relation to the responsibility of delegation Analyse the relationship between accountability and delegation Discuss how delegation is different to patient allocation Analyse how professional competence impacts on delegation with specific reference to clinical effectiveness Discuss the interpersonal relationships of team members when delegating within a team Introduction Being a newly Registered Nurse entails a lot of challenges, how we deal with our clients and effectively communicating what their needs are in a multi-cultural setting gives us these difficult tasks of rendering proper and appropriate health care. RNs (Registered Nurses) are known to provide care from womb to tomb, without preference to age, gender, race, religion and status. RNs need to understand the importance for them to know by heart, what are the tasks they can delegate to their co-workers because problem could arise if tasks are delegated inappropriately and clients would be the one to suffer the consequences. Delegation of activities will be relied more heavily due to decreasing workforce and increasing workload thats why nurses should understand fully the different guidelines on how one can appropriately apply delegation in their professional practice. The role of RN in the delegation process takes unprecedented importance. The independent licensee of the RN imposes a legal accountability on the part of the nurse to the patient/recipient of care. This becomes a primary responsibility, with the accountability to other disciplines or the employer being secondary. Because the RN is responsible for the practice of other lesser skilled licensed or unlicensed nursing personnel (i.e., Enrolled Nurses and Unlicensed Health Care Worker), it is imperative that registered nurses understand the guidelines and parameters set for delegation and training. All RNs and midwives must be willing to accept accountability and responsibility when undertaking activities within their individual scope of practice after considering: legislation or restriction of practice, professional standards of practice, current evidence for practice, individual knowledge skill and competence and contextual/organizational support for practice [Nursing Board of Victoria ( NBV) 2007]. The responsibility of the RN prevails whatever the employment setting or status of employment and that legal accountability cannot be removed or assumed by another individual or by the employer. We can never work alone, thus we are always a part of a multidisciplinary healthcare team and this is where the issues of delegation come into place. I. Definition of delegation and application in clinical setting The Queensland Nursing Council (2005) defined delegation as conferring of authority on a person to a person to perform activities. In the same way, delegation is conferment of authority to an individual who is not authorized to perform a particular task autonomously but can do so under direct or indirect supervision (Nursing Midwifery Board of South Australia 2005). Direct supervision means that the RN is actually present during performance of the delegated task, observing and guiding the person who is being supervised while indirect supervision is provided when the RN does not directly observe the person performing the delegated task but should be easily contactable by phone or electronic devices when the need arises [Royal College of Nurses, Australia (RCNA) 2005]. Delegated task can either be new, meaning that the delegated task is not normally part of their role or established, which means that the task has already been done before and no change in context was made [Queensland Nursing Council (QNC) 2005d, sec. D 7.0; Nursing Board of Tasmania (NBT) 2006, pp.5-6]. As a Registered Nurse working as part of the healthcare team, we cannot do away of the process of delegating tasks to other health practitioners be it to another Registered Nurse (RN), Enrolled Nurse (EN), or an Unlicensed Health Care Worker (HCW). It is both beneficial to the health care team and the client because if properly and accurately done, it speeds up the process of rendering the care needed by the client without sacrificing the quality of care being given. Health professionals should always remember that delegation of tasks are made not just to ease ones workload but are made to meet the clients need and to ensure that the right person is available at the right time to pro vide the right care to the client [Australian Nursing Midwifery Council (ANMC) 2007]. There are tasks that an RN cannot delegate to Enrolled Nurses and Unregulated Health Workers. According to the QNC (2005d, p. 4), care planning and delegation of activities from a nursing care plan cannot be delegated, some aspects of drug administration by Enrolled Nurses which are restricted by the council as per the Health (Drugs and Poisons) Regulations 1996 and tasks as defined by the Nursing Act 1992 to be solely exclusive for RNs or midwives. Registered nurses have the right to clarify, validate and support their professional judgment when it disagrees with an employer or supervisors direction, facilitate resolution of disagreement with an employer or supervisor and help resolve disagreement whether it is appropriate to advance their practice through accepting a delegation (QNC 2005c). II. Role and Responsibilities of Nurses in Delegating Tasks Only RNs may delegate nursing acts, functions or tasks. A registered nurse that delegate nursing acts, functions, or tasks should first determine whether it is within the RNs scope of practice, that the individual is qualified, competent and has the necessary skills to perform the task safely, that the RN delegating the task is available to directly or indirectly supervise the individual and evaluate the result after the delegated task was performed and that the RN should always remember that only the task is delegated and not the ultimate responsibility and accountability that goes with it. As stated in the ANMC (2007), RNs should understand the requirements for delegation and supervision of practice an example of which is by accepting delegated tasks only if it is within ones scope of practice and by raising concerns about inappropriate delegation with relevant organizational or regulatory personnel. Activities delegated by a RN cannot be re-delegated to another professional or hea lthcare worker (QNC 2005a). Registered nurses should provide guidance, support, assistance and clinically focused supervision, ensure that the person to whom the delegation is being made understands their accountability and is willing to accept the delegation, they should reflect on ones own practice, provide competency assessment of the individual who will accept the delegated task and evaluate the outcome of the delegated task (ANMC 2007; QNC 2005a). Accountability goes hand in hand when delegating tasks to other health care personnel. RNs carries with them a very big responsibility when delegating tasks to another member of the team because the RN retains the accountability and must see to it that the person to whom the task is being delegated to is competent enough to perform such task so as not to compromise the quality and safety of the care provided. RNs who delegates health care tasks are accountable to the State where they are registered, to their employer, and to their clients for their own actions and decisions. The RN must see to it that only those that can be performed safely to the patient be delegated, and it is critical that there is a clear and effective communication between the two parties. Expectations and outcomes are to be set so as to have an exact basis of evaluation if the delegated tasks are successfully performed to that of the accepted level of standard. Responsibility can be delegated to others so that the person to whom a task is delegated to remains responsible of the action while the accountability remains with the one who delegated the task. The independent license of the RN imposes a legal accountability on the part of the nurse to the patient/recipient of care. This becomes a primary responsibility, with the accountability to other disciplines or the employer being secondary. Because the RN is responsible for the practice of other lesser skilled licensed or unlicensed nursing personnel (i.e., Enrolled Nurses, Unregulated Health Care Workers), it is imperative that registered nurses understand the guidelines and parameters set for delegation and training. Liability cannot be delegated a nurses registration is at risk if he or she delegates a task inappropriately. Appropriate delegation begins with knowing what skills can be delegated. There are published guidelines which helps nurses in delegating tasks in accordance with the RNs legal scope of practice, an example of these are the five rights of delegation (National Council of State Boards of Nursing, 1995) wherein the fundamental basis of public protection should be the basis of all decisions related to delegation of nursing activities can be used as a mental checklist to assist nurses clarify critical elements of the decision-making process. The RNs final responsibility is to evaluate whether assistants performed a task properly and whether desired outcomes where realized. RNs should use the principles of delegation to guide them in deciding whether a particular task can be delegated or not. III. Principles of Delegation According to the Australian Nursing Federation (2004, p. 1), each state and territory in Australia governs the practice of registered nurses and midwives through published nursing and midwifery acts and that the ANFs purpose of publishing the guideline is to clarify the role and obligation of the RNs and midwives when delegating aspects of nursing and midwifery care, guide RNs and midwives through the issues to be considered in delegating aspects of nursing and midwifery care and to clarify the role and obligations of employers in the delegation of aspects of nursing and midwifery care by nurses and midwives. The principle of delegation should be used when considering delegating an activity to another health care provider. The following are the principles of delegation as stated in the Nurses Board of Victoria (NBV), Guidelines: Delegation and Supervision for Registered Nurses and Midwives (2007, p. 4): RNs should always remember that the primary motivation in delegating tasks is to meet the health needs and improve health outcomes of clients, it must be consistent with the acceptable standards of nursing and the policy of the service providers, that the delegated task is based on appropriate planning and consultation, delegated tasks should only be accepted if the person to perform the ask is deemed competent after proper assessment by an authorized personnel, the RN should see to it that he/she is accountable not only for their decision to delegate but also in monitoring the delegated individuals standard of performance and that the activity delegated should presently be part of the RNs current role. Likewise, the delegating nurse has also the responsibility to apply the five rights of delegation, namely: (1) the right task; (2) the right circumstances; (3) the right person; (4) the right direction or communication; and (5) the right supervision (Crisp and Taylor 2005, p.366). If either one of these rights are missing, the task being delegated is considered to be unsafe and can result to negative outcomes. Delegation is different from allocation or assignment which involves asking another person to care for one or more consumers on the assumption that the required activities of consumer care are normally within that persons responsibility and scope of practice (ANMC 2007; NBV 2007, p.4). When a patient is admitted during your tour of duty, and you are the nurse on deck, this means that the patient will then be allocated to you on the assumption that the required activities for consumer care are normally within your responsibility and scope of practice and you must holistically take care of all the needs of the patient while in the case that the admitted patient was assigned to another RN which then delegates a task to you, like getting the patients initial vital signs, the accountability and overall responsibility remains with the admitting RN with you sharing the responsibility of the outcome of the task. Using reflective practice, the RN should then evaluate their individual contribution to the achievement of patient outcomes, if he or she was able to properly apply the scope of nursing practice decision-making framework in delegating tasks to other health care professionals and if patients are properly allocated based on individual skills, experience and competency of the receiving person. Reflective practice also helps nurses establish what they have learned from the experience of providing nursing care and responding to patient needs and is important for novice RNs as it helps them identify areas in their practice that they need to improve ensuring that they make better choices and decisions in the future (NBWA 2004). According to Usher Holmes (2005, p.110), self awareness is the foundation skill upon which reflective practice is based. Self awareness offers RNs an opportunity to see themselves in certain situations and how they affected the situation and the situation affected them (Atkins 2000 cited in Usher, K Holmes, C 2005). IV. Professional competence, delegation and clinical effectiveness Competence is an individuals ability to effectively apply knowledge, understanding, skills, and values within a designated scope of practice at a standard acceptable to the client and others who has the same experience and background (ANMC 2005, p. 8). Critical thinking, or the practice of questioning, is necessary so that practitioners integrate relevant information from various sources, examine assumptions, and identify relationships and patterns (Parker Clare 2000 cited in Usher, K Holmes, C 2005). Health care organizations have made dramatic advances and transformations during the last few decades, resulting in rapid growth of technology and theory. If nurses are to deal effectively with complex change, increased demands and greater accountability, they must become skilled in higher level thinking and reasoning abilities and this is where the use of critical thinking becomes vital in examining simple and complex situations in nurses day to day responsibilities. RNs who are critical thinkers practice sound clinical judgement by practicing critical thinking skills to investigate and reflect on all aspects of a clinical observation or problem in order to decide on an appropriate course of action based on factual evidence rather than conjecture and is able to arrive at a reasoned conclusion that can be justified. The process of critical thinking will enhance the ability of nurses to properly identify and assess the need of delegating tasks to other health care professionals and to determine if they carry with them the professional competence needed to efficiently perform the assigned task which would definitely result in clinical effectiveness by delivering the care plan and attending to the needs of the client faster rather than performing the care plan alone even if the task is legally delegable. (Simpson Courtney 2002). V. Interpersonal Relationships between team members during delegation of tasks Registered nurses work within the health care team to properly address the different complex health care needs of clients and each of the team members knowledge and contribution is valued and respected. Interpersonal relationship is the association or connection between unit managers staff nurses within a nursing unit interpersonal relationships within team members during delegation of tasks should be built on trust. Acceptance, care, feeling, integrity, respecting the values all revolved on trust, thus, trust building should be the focus of every activity within an organization. Interpersonal relationships are built through effective communication skills, listening to each member queries and actively participating during supervision of a delegated task builds confidence on their part. An interpersonal relationship is a dynamic system that changes continuously wherein social associations, connections, or affiliation between two or more people are present. Effective delegation forces you to spend time with your employee thus developing your interpersonal relationship. This holds true to RNs who personally see to it that each member of the team to whom different tasks are delegated will continually grow as their experiences and skills develop in time, building the confidence, competency a collaboratively harmonious interpersonal relationship needed to properly and effectively care for each patien t within their jurisdiction. Working in partnership and cooperation with other members of the health care team for the benefit of the clients receiving health service where delegation of a nursing intervention is not required means that a collaborative relationship exists between the health care team. It is then important to maintain enhance relationships among employees by creating a social environment in which the team can attain their goals. Conclusion In summary, delegation is a process wherein new RNs must be able to understand to avoid any professional legal dilemma that may arise due to ignorance. There are tasks that the RN cannot delegate (QNC 2005a), aspects of nursing care like assessment of the client, planning on how to provide care, evaluation of the expected outcome was met after implementation and these should be strictly followed. Allocation of accountability in QNC (2005d, p. 15), states that RNs and midwives are accountable for delegation decisions and for the standard of care provided but if the RN or midwife ensured that the delegation decisions and level of supervision were appropriate, they would not be held accountable for inappropriate or unauthorized actions by another care provider. It is the role responsibility of the RN to see to it that the person to whom the task is being delegated to have the necessary education, experience skill to perform competently. It is important that a harmonious interpersona l relationship between team members are present because this would be the basis of a therapeutic, collaborative approach in rendering the best care possible to clients assigned to them. 2846 words

The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

The Scarlet Letter   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, delves into symbolism. A few of the symbols throughout are: the Scarlet â€Å"A† embroidered on Hester’s chest, the Forrest (in the daytime), the Forrest (in the nighttime), the prison, the rose growing up by the prison wall and light and dark. Each of these has a certain significance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The â€Å"A† is the outward symbol of Hester and Dimmsdale’s sin. It is the tangible, form of punishment. The thing that physically sets Hester apart. This symbolizes her sin and her punishment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Forrest during the daytime is a symbol of beauty of freedom. While at nighttime it is the devil’s playground, symbolizing chaos and evil. The Puritans felt this way because they had no control over the Forrest and were thus threatened by it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The prison is yet another symbol of Hester’s physical punishment and isolation from the world. She is cast out. No longer an accepted member of society for the crimes that she has committed. The prison is hard and cruel, it is also a reflection of the ideals of the Puritan society. The rose shows the beauty that can grow out of that harsh, ugliness. The rose is Pearl.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Light and darkness is used to show Dimmsdale’s guilt and his mental anguish. He walks to the scaffold, mocking a confession at night in the darkness. Then blazes an meteor in the sky as if God himself were looking down and saying to Dimmsdale, â€Å"Almost, but not quite.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The author gives several lengthy, difficult descriptions in the beginning of the novel to set the harsh, Puritan tone of the novel. He says, â€Å"The founder of a new colony, whatever Utopia of human virtue and happiness they might originally project, have invariably recognized it among their earliest practical necessities to allot a portion of the virgin soil as a cemetery, with this rule, it may safely be assumed that the forefathers of Boston had built the first prison-house gone where in the vicinity of cornhill, almost as seasonable as they marked out the first burial-ground, on Isaac Johnson’s lot...† (pg. 75). He uses very long, hard to read passages to create a Puritan-esque feeling in the reader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pearl is her mother’s only treasure, bought with all she had. She is the symbol of her guilt, and the price of her sin. Pearl is described as a â€Å"sprite† and an â€Å"elf-child†. She is lively, and spirited. She is a constant reminder to Dimmsdale of his mistakes, and the fact that he has yet to be punished for them by the