Definition and Examples of Multilingualism

Multilingualism is the ability of an individual speaker or a community of speakers to communicate effectively in three or more languages. Contrast with monolingualism, the ability to use only one language. A person who can speak multiple languages is known as a polyglot or a multilingual. The original language a person grows up speaking is known as their first language or mother tongue. Someone who is raised speaking two first languages or mother tongues is called a simultaneous bilingual. If they learn a second language later, they are called a sequential bilingual. Examples and Observations Majesty, the Herr Direttore, he has removed uno balletto that would have occurred at this place. —Italian Kapellmeister Bonno in Amadeus Multilingualism as the Norm We estimate that most of the human language users in the world speak more than one language, i.e. they are at least bilingual. In quantitative terms, then, monolingualism may be the exception and multilingualism the norm... —Peter Auer and Li Wei Bilingualism and Multilingualism Current research...begins by emphasizing the quantitative distinction between multilingualism and bilingualism and the greater complexity and diversity of the factors involved in acquisition and use where more than two languages are involved (Cenoz 2000; Hoffmann 2001a; Herdina and Jessner 2002). Thus, it is pointed out that not only do multilinguals have larger overall linguistic repertoires, but the range of the language situations in which multilinguals can participate, making appropriate language choices, is more extensive. Herdina Jessner (2000b:93) refer to this capacity as the multilingual art of balancing communicative requirements with language resources. This wider ability associated with the acquisition of more than two languages has also been argued to distinguish multilinguals in qualitative terms. One . . . qualitative distinction seems to lie in the area of strategies. Kemp (2007), for example, reports that multilingual learners learning strategies differ from those o f monolingual students learning their first foreign language. — Larissa Aronin and David Singleton Are Americans Lazily Monolingual? The celebrated multilingualism of not just Europe but also the rest of the world may be exaggerated. The hand-wringing about America’s supposed linguistic weakness is often accompanied by the claim that monolinguals make up a small worldwide minority. The Oxford linguist Suzanne Romaine has claimed that bilingualism and multilingualism are a normal and unremarkable necessity of everyday life for the majority of the world’s population. — Michael Erard New Multilingualisms [I]n paying attention to the language practices of young people in urban settings, we see new multilingualisms emerging, as the young people create meanings with their diverse linguistic repertoires. We see the young people (and their parents and teachers) using their eclectic array of linguistic resources to create, parody, play, contest, endorse, evaluate, challenge, tease, disrupt, bargain and otherwise negotiate their social worlds. — Adrian Blackledge and Angela Creese Sources Bleichenbacher, Lukas. Multilingualism in the Movies. University of Zurich, 2007.Auer, Peter and Wei, Li. Introduction: Multilingualism as a Problem? Monolingualism as a Problem? Handbook of Multilingualism and Multilingual Communication. Mouton de Gruyter, 2007, Berlin.Aronin, Larissa and Singleton, David. Multilingualism John Benjamins, 2012, Amersterdam.Erard, Michael. Are We Really Monolingual? The New York Times Sunday Review, January 14, 2012.Blackledge, Adrian and Creese, Angela. Multilingualism: A Critical Perspective. Continuum, 2010, London, New York.

Analysis Of The Play Clyborne Park By Bruce Norris

Brandy Whitehead English 102 Dr. Spence Final Essay Assumptions vs Facts It is not often that one finds many true realist in the world, so many may not fully understand the concept behind it. Realism is commonly defined as the tendency to view or represent things as they really are. After reading the play Clyborne Park by Bruce Norris, a majority of people would have decided that most of the main characters are racist or prejudice because of many things that were said throughout the play. If the play is thoroughly picked apart piece by piece by a clear, unconvinced mind, one will find that many of the statements or opinions thrown around during conversation of the play are facts or are simply stating how the situation truly is rather than rude remarks and racist perceptions. Looking at the way the world was during the 1950’s, the controversial saying are justified with the actions taking place in Chicago. This play did not that place too long after the segregation period meaning that the two races were not very accepting towards one another yet. M oving into each other’s neighborhoods was still a new idea and caused great concern. The two races still did things differently and had different hobbies. Looking at the realist aspects of his play, it is easy for one to realize that Bruce Norris was trying to get a clear point in history to the audience. The setting of Clyborne Park was not too long after the segregation which was a point in time that African-Americans and

Socioeconomic Profile of Hypothetical Patient Free Essays

Considering socio economic variable of a patient with diabetes, the priority of the patient should be to participate in healthcare insurance program provided by its employer. The benefit of contributing to such a health plan is cost reduction where patients only pay a deductible or a minimum co–payment. Acquiring such a policy also ensures that a person may also be able to cover family members at significantly less rates than individual private insurance. We will write a custom essay sample on Socioeconomic Profile of Hypothetical Patient or any similar topic only for you Order Now If the employer doesn’t participate in health insurance program, the only other viable method is to get a private health insurance. Although expansive, the patient will definitely have more choice in selecting the out of network providers and the flexibility of evaluating different plans that provide ample coverage to treat Diabetes. Patients with Diabetes need to keep medical supplies such as test strips, meters and insulin which are mostly covered by the health insurance providers (Health Insurance). Unfortunately, in countries like United States getting a health insurance for diabetic patients is difficult but this should not stop patients from researching other options such as Insurance through employers and getting help from the State. Most States run their own health insurance programs for which a diabetic patient might be eligible. Programs such as COBRA and HIPAA are available in every State. It will be in the best interest of a diabetic patient to consult the American Diabetes Association http://www. diabetes. org which outlines health insurance coverage on a State by State basis. Furthermore, patients can easily get guidelines and education on how to tackle diabetic issues and where to look for information. Payer Type Based on the socio economic conditions of hypothetical patient, it will be in his best interest to enrol in HMO plan. Analysing financial circumstances of the subject, it is evident that he will likely cover his wife and children, who at this stage are not able to enrol in a healthcare plan. In contrast, a PPO plan will likely cost a premium which is not recommended except if it provides assistance to cover diabetic conditions. It should be noticed that most Americans are covered by BlueCross BlueShield, Atena or CIGNA therefore it is important for diabetic patient to compare the coverage of diabetic supplies offered by these companies. Health plans that cover most strips and monitors should be preferred over others. Patients should also be careful while determining whether the diabetic equipment fall under normal prescription or covered under durable equipment supplies (Insurance Coverage). Other conditions such as mail order deliveries and the number of supplies at any one time play an important role in the eventual patient satisfaction with a plan. After evaluating different healthcare programs, Harvard Pilgrim Healthcare, Tufts Associated Health Maintenance Organisation and Health New England may provide the best coverage. Cost Treatment Comparison Harvard Pilgrim Healthcare program is specifically tailored to meet the requirements of Massachusetts residents. It offers a network of 40,000 pharmacies and access to more than 130 hospitals in the area. The co payment fee is $10 for a visit and $50 for emergency care. The program covers a wide range of drugs and medicines with mail order included. Individuals can include family members for an extra charge. The program offers a diabetes management program with test reminder letters and individual support from a Nurse educator by calling a toll free number (Diabetes Management). For a single person in a family, the cost varies from $350 to $470 based on the socio-economic factors of hypothetical patient. The Tufts Associated Healthcare Maintenance Organisation provides a variety of different HMO plans that are designed to be cost effective. Its Select Network Provider program offers a minimum deductible and covers most outpatient medical care (Health New England). Doctor visits and other routine checkups offer affordable co-payment plans. It also offers a Taking Charge Diabetes program for its members that support the doctor-patient partnership to control diabetes and educate on such issues. Cost for individuals starts as low as $324 and climbs up to $450 for HMO select plans. Health New England is also a good choice with plenty of great options. Individuals can enrol in a number of Bronze or Silver health insurance packages which covers a huge number of Drugs and area hospitals (Tufts Health). The benefits are somewhat similar to other two programs whereas its Neighbourhood Health Plan provides a great value for money by charging as low as $265 per month in Bronze Package and $369 in Silver Package. It offers a comprehensive Diabetes Management Program that includes educational material, reminders, and physical as well as virtual grocery store tours to select the perfect sugar free diet. References Diabetes Management. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from Harvard Pilgrim HealthCare Web site: https://www.harvardpilgrim.org/portal/page?_pageid=213,213304_dad=portal_schema=PORTAL Health Insurance Information for People with Diabetes. Retrieved March 17, 2009, from American Diabetes Association Web site: http://www.diabetes.org/advocacy-and-legalresources/healthcare/insurance.jsp Health New England Plans. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from Health NE Web site: http://www.healthnewengland.com/PlanSelector/Compare/compare.html Insurance Coverage Overview. Retrieved March 17, 2009, from Diabetes Control for Life Web site: http://diabetescontrolforlife.com/articles/Monitoring-Insurance-Coverage-Overview-200085 Tufts Health Plan is the Right Choice. Retrieved March 18, 2009, from Tufts Health Plan Web site: http://www.tuftshealthplan.com/enrollnow/pdfs/STANDARDCOMP_0408.pdf    How to cite Socioeconomic Profile of Hypothetical Patient, Papers

Inequality and Social Development Mission

Question: Discuss about the Inequality and Social Development Mission. Answer: Introduction: Social factors of both the countries that affect the economic growth, business environment are population, poverty, gender discrimination, and infrastructure and demand pattern. Population growth rate in India is 1.19% during 2015 and that in Singapore is 1.2% (Data.worldbank.org, 2016). Both India and Singapore are multicultural countries. The population growth curves are showing that the population growth rate in India is decreasing steadily during last ten years. However, the growth rate in Singapore is fluctuating and is higher than India as the Singapore government has tried to increase fertility rate. On the other hand, rising health consciousness has decreased the population growth rate in India; however, India remains the second most populous country. Figure 1: Population growth rate of Singapore (Source: Data.worldbank.org, 2016) Figure 2: Population growth rate of India (Source: Data.worldbank.org, 2014) The reason behind high population in India is influx of refugees from neighbouring countries. High population is the main reason of high rate of poverty in this country. According to World Bank, around 23.6% population remains under abject poverty with $1.25 earning per day. India government has taken several programmes for eradicating poverty such as National Rural employment guarantee act, Indira awaas Yojona, Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar yogona and many others. Government expenditure on poverty alleviation programme has increased overtime. Social discrimination is less in Singapore compared to India. The spending pattern in Singapore is different from that in India. The bottom 20% people in terms of income level spend more than their income. Hence, borrowing rate among them is higher compared to saving rate. India is having higher youth people compared to Singapore. Kohli (2012) cited that the country with higher youth population experiences greater growth rate of the economy. Gender discrimination is less in Singapore compared to India. Singapore ranked 54 in global gender gap report 2015, while India ranked 101 (weforum.org, 2015). Technological factor of India and Singapore India invests a significant portion in education, improvement in science and technology since independence in 1947. Technology has contributed significantly in the economy starting from agriculture, industry to service sector. Telecommunication has improved much in this country to facilitate industrial and service sector. Improvement in biotechnology has increased the productivity of agriculture. Medical science has improved significantly in recent decades due to technological development. The birth rate and death rate have been controlled as an effect of improvement in medical sciences. Automobile engineering, space science, manufacturing technology has increased the scope of employment in domestic countries and decreased the rate of brain drain from India. The most successful event of application of technology in India is Mars Orbiter mission or Mangalayan in 2014 (Srivastava et al., 2015). Technological development has greater contribution in countrys growth and development. Singapore has improved domestic technology since 1970s to bring sophistication in the industries. Singapore government has invested in biomedical science cluster to develop an industrial base in this country. Singapore eventually has become a leading information technology and electronics manufacturing economy in the world. Singapore has followed FDI leveraging model to finance and facilitate the growth high tech industry (Caprotti, 2014). Improvement of technologies in Singapore has contributed to the growth of technology driven local industry. References Caprotti, F. (2014). Critical research on eco-cities? A walk through the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City, China.Cities,36, 10-17. Data.worldbank.org (2016) Population growth (annual %) | Data. (2016 Retrieved 14 November 2016, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW Kohli, A. (2012). State and redistributive development in India. InGrowth, Inequality and Social Development in India(pp. 194-226). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Srivastava, V. K., Kumar, J., Kulshrestha, S., Kushvah, B. S., Bhaskar, M. K., Somesh, S., ... Ramakrishna, B. N. (2015). Eclipse modeling for the Mars orbiter mission.Advances in Space Research,56(4), 671-679. weforum.org (2015) Rankings. Global Gender Gap Report 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2016, from https://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2015/rankings/